Science competitions have continuing relevance for schools. The aim of the German youth science fair Jugend forscht is to encourage scientific thinking and inquiry methods such as experimentation. Three concrete examples of participating projects are given. We summarise the current state of research related to science competitions, including our nationwide study that analysed learning processes initiated by a youth science fair. In this context, we point out some of the core elements relevant to science education. Finally, we provide a list of suggestions to make best use of learning opportunities and for implementation at school.